The development and adoption of legislation calling for more stringent automotive emission requirements, initiated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB ), is now part of the Federal Clean Air Act. This legislation is an extension and enhancement of previous requirements (OBD ) and is known as On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD II ). Federal law requires that by the 1996 model year, vehicles sold in the United States meet common standards for emission control and diagnostic capability. GEMS allows Land Rover products to meet these operating standards.
Monitoring Emissions Performance
The original OBD required that vehicles monitor operation of key components such as oxygen sensors, fuel delivery system, and the module controlling the system's powertrain. Failure of components in these systems is indicated by Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL ) illumination and generation of a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC ).
OBD II takes this monitoring a step further by not only checking the operation of emission components, but their performance. While the difference between monitoring operation and performance may sound small, the changes to ECM operating strategies required to accomplish this are enormous.
The ECM detects engine misfire by measuring the contribution each cylinder makes to engine performance. This is calculated from measurements of crankshaft acceleration for each cylinder provided by the crankshaft position sensor.
The acceleration for each cylinder is determined from the crankshaft rotation velocity. The GEMS performs a series of calculations to determine the acceleration rates of the individual cylinders. When a cylinder's acceleration falls outside of a predetermined range, the GEMS takes a closer look at the signal.
For example, operating conditions such as rough roads or high rpm/light load operation can provide misfire-like changes in crankshaft acceleration. Internal programming in the GEMS is designed to filter out these look-alike signals and focus on real misfire. The GEMS separates misfire into two classifications, and has a different response for each.
Type A Misfire:
This is a serious misfire situation where raw fuel entering the TWC can cause excessive catalyst temperatures. This could quickly cause permanent damage to the TWC. In this situation, the MIL lamp illuminates iminediately and flashes to attract the driver's attention. Continued operation at this point will damage the TWC.
Type B Misfire:
A second type of response occurs when the GEMS detects a low-level misfire. At lower levels, misfire will not significantly raise TWC temperature but will produce excessive vehicle emissions. In this situation, the GEMS records a DTC. The GEMS will illuminate the MIL if this failure is repeated during a second consecutive drive cycle where operating conditions (engine warm-up, rpm and load) are approximately the same. Should the misfire not reappear under these conditions on three consecutive trips, the MIL will turn OFF